By Moe Bedard

The foreclosure process varies in every state and it’s imperative that homeowners understand this process. Learn everything you can because this will affect you in every which way and it is something that should not be taken lightly. One thing is for sure, time is NOT on your side. But, an educated consumer is always an informed consumer who can make a “good” decision based on facts. Not fear!

Day 1 - Borrower misses first payment by a day. No penalties assessed at this time

Day 16-30 - A late charge is assessed to the borrower’s payment.
The lender or mortgage servicer will attempt to make contact with the borrower for an explanation.

Source Mortgage News Daily:

Mortgage notes usually carry a grace period, 15 days is typical but some are as short as 10 days. Many people “play the float” that is, delay through most of the grace period before making payment, and no one, including the lender thinks very much about it.

On day 16, however, a late fee is assessed. At this point there are no ramifications beyond that late fee and maybe a “friendly reminder” call from the lender’s customer service department. The late payment probably won’t even show up on the borrower’s credit report. On Day 30 that changes. At that point the borrower is in default and things quickly turn serious and the foreclosure process speeds up.

Day 45-60- The servicer sends “demand” or “breach” letter to the borrower stating the mortgage terms that have been. The borrower is given only 30 days to resolve the delinquent amount.

By day 45 the phone calls from the mortgage collectors will be coming pretty regularly. Most states have rules regarding collection activities and telephone calls including their frequency, content (no threats are permitted), and timing (early morning and late night calls are generally off limits,) but the calls, within legal boundaries, will be unremitting and the tone can vary from “gee, we just want to help” to aggressively demanding.

About 60 to 90 days after the initial missed payment the lender will send a notice of default, usually by Certified Mail, giving the borrower a finite period in which to cure the situation by paying all past due amounts, and by now collection costs are probably being added to the late fees. Once that remedial period passes, the collection department will refer the loan to the lender’s legal department which will, after another period of time, send the documents to a local attorney to begin foreclosure proceedings. By this time serious legal fees are accruing.

Day 90-105-The servicer refers the loan to its loss mitigation department / foreclosure department and retains an attorney or other firm to handle the foreclosure proceedings. Depending on the state where the home is located, the servicer’s representative may record a notice of default at the local courthouse and it will be published in the local newspaper

During this time your lender or servicer may offer you alternative ways to bring your account current:

Loan Workout- A loan workout is when you negotiate with your lender any kind of plan that will benefit both you and the lender when you are delinquent or in default. This is a broad term used in the industry to cover the different options you may have such as a loan modification, repayment plan, short sale, forbearance plan etc.

Loan Modification- This is when the lender modifies your current mortgage in order to work with you and make your mortgage more affordable. In the past this was only used when a borrower was delinquent but now it is being used before someone is delinquent. This will be the hottest term and way to help people avoid foreclosure.

Forbearance- This is used most of the time, when a Notice of Default has been filed. You are allowed to delay or reduce payments for a short period, with the understanding that another option will be used at the close of that time to bring your account to a current status. Your lender, if in agreement, will then temporarily cease legal actions.

Short Sale- This is used when all negotiations for a loan workout have failed and you are upside down on your mortgage meaning you owe more than it’s worth. The lender basically agrees to cooperate in the sale and take a loss. You place the home for sale and any offers are presented to the bank. Unlike a traditional sale when the homeowner decides what offer to take. The bank controls the negotiations and the homeowner has no say in the process. It’s a last ditch effort to save someones credit from a foreclosure filing.

Foreclosure Bail Out Loan - Is a new loan where the defaulted mortgage is paid off. This is usually a hard money mortgage and it is common for interest rates to approach 10-15%. Points can be as high as 5 and terms are usually short. In the 5 year range where a balloon payment will be due for the remaining balance. In order to qualify you must have sufficient equity. Hard money lenders are looking for 65-75% max loan to value and a decent equity cushion. You also have to have ability to repay as in a traditional mortgage.

Day 150-415– A notice of trustee Sale is filed and the home is scheduled to be sold at foreclosure sale or auction. This time range varies due to individual state laws and requirements.

In states with judicial foreclosures / where foreclosures are done via the court system, can sometimes extend this period to a year or more.

Nonjudicial foreclosure states can foreclose in as little as two months

A foreclosure is a legal event and there are benchmarks that must be met. Once the case is turned over to attorneys, the impending foreclosure must be advertised, usually in both the local papers and in the largest and closest metropolitan daily. The entire process can take a very long time from initial default to the actual public auction of the property. If a member of the military is an owner of the property, there are additional safeguards required by federal and in some cases state laws From the beginning of the process, however, the meter is running. The longer the foreclosure takes, the greater the debt that accrues and the larger the liability the homeowner has, something that will become critical down the road.

The law in most states gives the homeowner every opportunity to stop the process leading to foreclosure, right up to the minute that the auctioneer’s gavel comes down and sometimes even beyond. In some states there is a period after the foreclosure during which the homeowner can redeem the property (right of redemption.).

Redemption Rights: The rights of redemption, as specified in Internal Revenue Code Section 6337, are quoted as follows:

Sec. 6337. Redemption of Property. (a) Before Sale. - Any person whose property has been levied upon shall have the right to pay the amount due, together with the expenses of the proceeding, if any, to the Secretary at any time prior to the sale thereof, and upon such payment the Secretary shall restore such property to him, and all further proceedings in connection with the levy on such property shall cease from the time of such payment.

(b) Redemption of Real Estate After Sale.

(1) Period. - The owners of any real property sold as provided in Section 6335, their heirs, executors, or administrators, or any person having any interest therein, or a lien thereon, or any person in their behalf, shall be permitted to redeem the property sold, or any particular tract of such property at any time within 180 days after the sale thereof. (2) Price. - Such property or tract of property shall be permitted to be redeemed upon payment to the purchaser, or in case he cannot be found in the county in which the property to be redeemed is situated, then to the Secretary, for the use of the purchaser, his heirs, or assigns, the amount paid by such purchaser and interest thereon at the rate of 20 percent per annum

The best way for homeowners to to stop the foreclosure process without racking up extensive legal bills and ruining their credit histories is to start working on a solution with their lender or servicer before their problems get out of hand. The last thing you want to do is what many people choose to do when facing foreclosure, “Stick your head in the sand!”